ArkUI组件化开发实践指南：构建高效跨端应用

一、组件化布局设计

1.1 页面结构基础

ArkUI采用声明式UI范式，通过组合系统组件实现界面布局。以下示例展示典型页面结构：

@Entry
@Component
struct ArticleListView {
  @State articleList: Array<Article> = []

  build() {
    Column() {
      Header({ title: '技术文章' })
      Scroll() {
        ForEach(this.articleList, (item: Article) => {
          ArticleCard({ article: item })
        })
      }
      Footer()
    }
  }
}

1.2 自适应布局方案

@Component
struct ResponsiveGrid {
  @Prop columns: number = 2
  
  build() {
    Grid() {
      ForEach(this.articleList, (item: Article) => {
        GridItem() {
          ArticleCard({ article: item })
            .aspectRatio(1)
        }
      })
    }
    .columnsTemplate(this.getColumnsTemplate())
  }

  private getColumnsTemplate(): string {
    return '1fr '.repeat(this.columns).trimEnd()
  }
}

二、数据驱动开发实践

2.1 状态管理机制

@Observed
class Article {
  id: number
  title: string
  @ObjectLink likes: number
}

@Component
struct ArticleCard {
  @ObjectLink article: Article

  build() {
    Column() {
      Text(this.article.title)
      Button('点赞')
        .onClick(() => this.article.likes++)
    }
  }
}

2.2 列表数据更新

@Entry
@Component
struct ArticleList {
  @State articles: Array<Article> = []

  loadMore() {
    this.articles = this.articles.concat(fetchNewArticles())
  }

  build() {
    Scroll() {
      LazyForEach(this.articles, (item: Article) => {
        ArticleCard({ article: item })
      })
    }
    .onReachEnd(() => this.loadMore())
  }
}

三、组件复用与共享

3.1 HAR模块开发

// Index.ets
export { ArticleCard } from './src/main/ets/components/ArticleCard'
export { Article } from './src/main/ets/model/Article'

3.2 自定义构建函数

@Builder function ArticleHeader(article: Article) {
  Row() {
    Image(article.cover)
      .width(60)
      .aspectRatio(1)
    Column() {
      Text(article.title)
        .fontSize(16)
      Text(article.author)
        .fontColor(Color.Gray)
    }
  }
}

@Component
struct ArticleDetail {
  @Prop article: Article

  build() {
    Column() {
      ArticleHeader(this.article)
      Divider()
      Text(this.article.content)
    }
  }
}

四、高级特性应用

4.1 动态样式绑定

@Component
struct ThemeButton {
  @Prop theme: 'light' | 'dark'
  
  build() {
    Button('切换主题')
      .backgroundColor(this.theme === 'light' ? Color.White : Color.Black)
      .fontColor(this.theme === 'light' ? Color.Black : Color.White)
  }
}

4.2 复杂状态管理

@Observed
class AppState {
  @Track userPreferences: Map<string, any> = new Map()
}

@Component
struct PreferenceEditor {
  @Link settings: Map<string, any>

  build() {
    Column() {
      ForEach(Array.from(this.settings.entries()), ([key, value]) => {
        PreferenceItem({ key, value })
      })
    }
  }
}

五、最佳实践总结

1. 遵循单一职责原则设计组件
2. 优先使用@Prop进行父子组件通信
3. 复杂数据结构使用@Observed/@ObjectLink
4. 大数据列表采用LazyForEach优化性能
5. 通过HAR实现跨项目组件复用