HarmonyOS NEXT 在 Ascend 310P(端侧 NPU)上跑 LLM 推理——和云端 910 完全不同:HBM 32GB→8GB(HBM→DDR,带宽 1.2TB/s→68GB/s)、功耗 300W→25W(被动散热)、延迟要求 200ms 首 token(云端不敏感但端侧用户 app 感知强烈)。

cann-recipes-harmony-infer 提供端侧部署的端到端 Recipe:ONNX→OM 模型转换、INT8 对称量化、内存规划(静态 vs 动态)、Profile-guided 算子选择。

端侧推理栈

PyTorch Model (FP32, 7B params = 28GB)
  ↓ export
ONNX (FP32, 28GB)
  ↓ ATC (Ascend Tensor Compiler) + INT8 calib
OM (INT8, 7GB)  ← 运行在 HarmonyOS 上
  ↓ ACL (Ascend Compute Language) Runtime
Ascend 310P NPU (8GB DDR, 8 TOPS INT8, 25W)

ATC 模型转换:ONNX → OM

ATC 把 PyTorch/ONNX 的通用算子映射到 Ascend 310P 硬件 ISA(比 910 少 Cube 指令、多 Vector 指令)。关键:310P 不支持某些 910 的算子(大矩阵 MatMul 用 Cube,小矩阵用 Vector 替代)。

# cann-recipes-harmony-infer/atc/convert.sh

# Step 1: ONNX 模型
# model.onnx (FP32, 28GB) - 从 PyTorch 导出的通用格式

# Step 2: INT8 量化校准(需要校准数据集)
# 生成 calibration set(500 个样本足够覆盖激活值分布)
python generate_calib_dataset.py \
    --model model.onnx \
    --output calib_set.bin \
    --num_samples 500

# Step 3: ATC 转换
atc --model=model.onnx \
    --framework=5 \                    # 5 = ONNX
    --output=model_om \                # 输出 OM 文件
    --soc_version=Ascend310P3 \        # 目标芯片
    --input_format=ND \
    --input_shape="input_ids:1,-1" \   # dynamic batch(-1 = 动态)
    --dynamic_batch_size="1,2,4,8" \  # 支持的 batch sizes
    --precision_mode=force_fp16 \      # FP16 降精度(28GB→14GB)
    --calibration_data=calib_set.bin \ # INT8 校准
    --insert_op_conf=aipp.cfg          # AIPP 预处理(图像类模型)

ATC 的算子映射失败时有三种处理:

  1. 融合:ONNX 的 MatMul+Add+ReLU → 310P 的融合指令(1 条)
  2. 回退:310P 没有的 Cube 指令 → Vector 指令替代(慢但可用)
  3. AICPU:Vector 也做不到的 → CPU fallback(DDR→CPU→DDR,50× slowdown,紧急避免)

INT8 对称量化:FP32→INT8

端侧 8GB DDR,7B FP32 = 28GB → INT8 = 7GB(刚好 fit)。对称量化:scale = max(|x|) / 127,0 映射到 0(关键:Zero Point = 0,推理不漂移)。

# cann-recipes-harmony-infer/quant/int8_symmetric.py

class INT8SymQuantizer:
    """
    对称 INT8 量化:范围 [-127, 127]
    Scale = max(|W|) / 127
    W_int8 = round(W_fp32 / scale)

    Zero Point = 0(关键:去 bias 加法时补偿为 0)
    """

    def quantize_weight(self, W_fp32):
        """权重量化(静态,已知范围)"""
        max_abs = torch.max(torch.abs(W_fp32))
        scale = max_abs / 127.0

        # 量化
        W_int8 = torch.clamp(
            torch.round(W_fp32 / scale), -127, 127
        ).to(torch.int8)

        return W_int8, scale

    def quantize_activation(self, X_fp16, calib_scale=None):
        """
        激活量化(动态范围,运行时确定)
        使用校准集统计 min/max → 固定 scale(静态)

        calib_scale: 校准集确定的范围(推理时固定)
        """
        if calib_scale is not None:
            scale = calib_scale
        else:
            max_abs = torch.max(torch.abs(X_fp16))
            scale = max_abs / 127.0

        X_int8 = torch.clamp(
            torch.round(X_fp16 / scale), -127, 127
        ).to(torch.int8)

        return X_int8, scale

    def calibrate(self, model, calib_dataloader, num_samples=500):
        """
        校准:跑 500 个样本来统计每层激活的 max(|x|)
        校准集 → 每层的 activation scale(推理时固定)
        """
        activation_stats = {}  # layer_name → (max_abs, running_count)

        model.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            for i, batch in enumerate(calib_dataloader):
                if i >= num_samples:
                    break

                # Hook 每层输出来收集 max(|activation|)
                hooks = self._register_act_hooks(model, activation_stats)
                _ = model(batch)
                for h in hooks:
                    h.remove()

        # 计算每层 scale
        scales = {}
        for layer_name, (max_abs, count) in activation_stats.items():
            # 用 99.9% percentile(截断 outlier)
            # percentile 比 max 更稳定(max 被 1 个 outlier 影响)
            scales[layer_name] = max_abs / 127.0
            scales[layer_name + "_percentile"] = (
                torch.quantile(activation_stats[layer_name], 0.999) / 127.0
            )

        return scales

    # MatMul with INT8 (dequant after)
    def int8_matmul(self, A_int8, A_scale, B_int8, B_scale):
        """
        A_int8 × B_int8 → FP32
        scale = A_scale × B_scale(后乘)
        """
        # A_int8 [M, K] × B_int8 [K, N] → C_int32 [M, N]
        C_int32 = torch._int8_matmul(A_int8, B_int8)

        # 反量化:C_fp32 = C_int32 × A_scale × B_scale
        C_fp32 = C_int32.float() * (A_scale * B_scale)

        return C_fp32

内存规划:静态布局 vs 动态分配

端侧 8GB DDR,LLM 推理的内存需求:

| Component                 | FP16   | INT8  |
|--------------------------|--------|-------|
| Model Weights (7B)       | 14 GB  | 7 GB  |
| KV Cache (4K context)    | 2.1 GB | 2.1 GB (int8不行,需要FP16精度) |
| Activations (1 batch)    | 0.5 GB | 0.5 GB |
| Workspace (intermediate) | 1.0 GB | 0.5 GB |
| **TOTAL**                | 17.6 GB| 10.1 GB |

8GB DDR → 即使 INT8 也超。内存优化:
1. Weight Sharing: 32 layers × weight(paged),不是全加载(1-2 layers in DDR + rest in flash)
2. KV Cache quantization: KV int8(牺牲 0.1% 精度,省 2x)
# cann-recipes-harmony-infer/memory/memory_planner.py

class EdgeMemoryPlanner:
    """
    端侧 8GB DDR 内 7B LLaMA INT8 + 4K context 的内存规划
    → Weight streaming + KV Cache quantization + Static workspace
    """

    def plan(self, model_size_gb, kv_ctx_len, batch_size):
        total = 8.0  # 8 GB total

        # 1. Model weights: 7GB INT8(streaming 加载)
        #    32 layers → 一次加载 4 layers(1.0GB)+ rest in flash
        weight_mem = 7.0
        weight_streamed = 1.0  # 只保留 4 layers,其余从 flash 流加载

        # 2. KV Cache: 每层保存 K/V = 2 × (D × ctx_len × layers)
        #    LLaMA-7B: D=4096, ctx_len=4K, layers=32
        #    KV size = 2 × 4096 × 4096 × 32 × 2 bytes (FP16) = 2.1 GB
        #    INT8 KV: 2 × 4096 × 4096 × 32 × 1 byte = 1.05 GB
        kv_cache_fp16 = 2.1
        kv_cache_int8 = 1.05

        # 3. Activations + workspace
        activations = 0.3  # 单 batch, FP16
        workspace = 0.2

        # 总计
        total_used = (weight_streamed + kv_cache_int8 +
                      activations + workspace)  # = 1.0 + 1.05 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 2.55 GB < 8 GB

        # ✅ 剩余 5.45 GB buffer(DDR band 67GB/s 够用)
        return total_used

    def static_workspace(self, model_layers):
        """静态 workspace:编译时预分配,不会重分配"""
        # 预分配:最坏情况的 tensor(各算子的中间输出)
        # Reshape/Slice 只改 strides(零拷贝)
        # MatMul 的中间 [batch, seq, D]
        max_seq = 4096
        max_d = 4096

        # Tensor 描述符(只有 view,不会是拷贝)
        view_table = torch.empty(32 * 3, dtype=torch.long)  # 32 layers × 3 descriptors

        return view_table  # 预分配的碾压优化(再不需要 malloc/free)

踩坑一:ATC 算子回退——Cube MatMul 回退 Vector 时 20× slowdown

310P 只有小 Cube(4×4 systolic),大矩阵 MatMul [4096, 128] × [128, 4096] 用 Cube 单元(4×4 array → burst 4KB)。但如果 310P 不支持这种尺寸的 Cube → Vector 单元逐行×逐列(128 次 Vector multiply)。

# ❌ 大矩阵 Cube 不支持 → 自动回退 Vector
# MatMul [4096, 128] × [128, 4096]
# Cube:  1.2 ms        Vec: 26 ms  (20× slowdown)
# 每层 FC (feed-forward) 都是 [1024,128]×[128,1024] → 32 layers × 2 FF → 64 MatMuls

# ✅ 分块 MatMul(手动 Tiling)
# 把 [4096, 128] 切成长度为 256 的块(310P 支持 256×256 Cube)
# 256 × 256 → 16 blocks × 16 blocks = 256 Cube ops per MatMul
# 1.2 ms (原) → 2.4 ms (tiling overhead ×2 = 2 blocks) → still 10× faster than Vector

def tiled_matmul(A, B, tile_size=256):
    """尾补 padding + tiling MatMul(适配 310P Cube)"""
    M, K = A.shape
    K, N = B.shape

    C = torch.zeros(M, N)
    for m in range(0, M, tile_size):
        for n in range(0, N, tile_size):
            for k in range(0, K, tile_size):
                C[m:m+tile_size, n:n+tile_size] += torch.matmul(
                    A[m:m+tile_size, k:k+tile_size],
                    B[k:k+tile_size, n:n+tile_size]
                )
    return C

踩坑二:INT8 calibration 用 max 时 outlier 污染

某层 Attention QKV 的 max(|activation|) = 287.2(outlier = 300+),其他 99% 样本 max(|x|) = 4.1。scale = 287.2/127 = 2.26,导致 99% activation 被量化到 [4.1/2.26=1.8] → 仅 2 of 255 bins → 精度损失 8×。

# ❌ max(|x|) 的 outlier 污染 calibration
max_abs_nn = 287.2   # Attention QKV outlier
scale = 287.2/127    # 2.26 → 4.1/data → 2 quant bins (vs 127 bins)
# → 99% data compressed to 2 of 128 levels → useless for model

# ✅ 99.9th percentile(排除 top 0.1% outlier)
sorted_act = torch.abs(X_fp16).flatten().sort(descending=True)
pct_999 = sorted_act[int(0.001 * X_fp16.numel())]  # 99% below this → 4.1
scale = pct_999 / 127.0  # 4.1/127=0.032 → data [1, 127] bins → full dynamic range

踩坑三:Dynamic shape KV Cache 的内存碎片

LLaMA-7B INT8 = 7GB static weights + 2.1GB KV Cache(dynamic)。KV Cache 随 token 增长(1→4096 tokens),每次 resize → OS 页表修改 + DDR 块移动 → 50ms per resize × 4096 tokens = 205ms(首 token 500ms + 205ms resize = 700ms → 超 200ms deadline)。

# ❌ Dynamic KV Cache: 每个 decoder step 扩 1 token → DDR resize
kv_cache: torch.Tensor = [2, 32, 4096, 4096]  # batch × layers × ctx_len × D
# KV shape dynamic dim: dim[2] 增长 = 内存 reallocation per step

# ✅ Pre-allocated KV Cache with Sliding Window
kv_cache = torch.zeros(2, 32, 4096, 4096, device="npu")  # max ctx_len
kv_window_size = 4096  # 预分配满

kv_write_ptr = 0  # 环形 buffer 写指针(不是 resize,只是指针++)
# sliding window: newest 4096 tokens → overwrite oldest
# → 写指针在 0→4096→0(没有 realloc)
# 每次 decode step: kv_cache[:, :, kv_write_ptr] = K_new, V_new
kv_write_ptr = (kv_write_ptr + 1) % kv_window_size

cann-recipes-harmony-infer 提供 310P 端侧推理的完整 Recipe:ATC ONNX→OM(算子映射+回退处理)、INT8 对称量化(7GB fit 8GB+KVCache int8)、静态内存规划(weight streaming + sliding KV Cache 零 resize)。三个踩坑:310P 大矩阵 Cube 缺失回退 Vector 20× slowdown→分块 Tiling 2.4ms vs 26ms、calibration max outlier 污染 99%→99.9th percentile、KV Cache dynamic resize 205ms→预分配环形 buffer 滑动窗口。

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